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Analysis of resonant coupling coil configurations of EV wireless charging system: a simulation study

M. LU, A. JUNUSSOV, M. BAGHERI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期页码 152-165 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0615-1

摘要： Nowadays, internal combustion engine vehicles are considered as one of the major contributors to air pollution. To make transportation more environmentally friendly, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have been proposed. However, with an increase in the number of PEVs, the drawbacks associated with the cost and size, as well as charging cables of batteries have arisen. To address these challenges, a novel technology named wireless charging system has been recently recommended. This technology rapidly evolves and becomes very attractive for charging operations of electric vehicles. Currently, wireless charging systems offer highly efficient power transfer over the distances ranging from several millimeters to several hundred millimeters. This paper is focused on analyzing electromagnetically coupled resonant wireless technique used for the charging of EVs. The resonant wireless charging system for EVs is modeled, simulated, and then examined by changing different key parameters to evaluate how transfer distance, load, and coil’s geometry, precisely number of coil’s turns, coil’s shape, and inter-turn distance, influence the efficiency of the charging process. The simulation results are analyzed and critical dimensions are discussed. It is revealed that a proper choice of the dimensions, inter-turn distance, and transfer distance of the coil can result in a significant improvement in charging efficiency. Furthermore, the influence of the transfer distance, frequency, load, as well as the number of the turns of the coil on the performance of wireless charging system is the main focus of this paper.

关键词： electromagnetically coupled resonator near-field power transfer wireless power transfer (WPT)

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光无线能量传输技术综述 Review

Syed Agha Hassnain MOHSAN1, Haoze QIAN2, Hussain AMJAD3

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第24卷第6期页码 767-800 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100443

摘要：近几十年来，开创性的光无线能量传输（OWPT）技术在学术界和业内专家中都得到广泛关注。通过激光二极管（LDs）对操作设备或电池远程供电有很多优点。远程LDs可以消除额外携带电池的负担，同时可以通过减少电池更换与充电的时间来节省任务时间。然而激光能量传输（LPT）除了具有吸引人的优点外，因其传输效率低，仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务。此篇综述讨论了OWPT的必要性和可行性，并讨论了其工作原理、系统设计和组件等。此外，还表明了OWPT是为物联网（IoT）终端供电的必要部分，强调了动态OWPT的影响。本文概述了几种OWPT技术，包括光波束赋形、分布式激光充电（DLC）、自适应分布式激光充电（ADLC）、同步无线信息与功率传输（SLIPT）、物对物（T2T）OWPT和高强度激光能量束（HILPB），还论述了OWPT系统的激光选择、危害分析和接收器太阳能电池的选择。最后，讨论了一系列公开挑战和应对措施。我们相信，此篇综述将有助于整合研究和消除技术不确定性，从而促进OWPT技术发展的进步和创新。

关键词：无线能量传输；光无线能量传输；分布式激光充电；激光二极管；太阳能电池

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Secure analysis on artificial-noise-aided simultaneous wireless information and power transfer systems

Wei-min Hou, Qing-shan Tang,cstqs001@126.com

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第21卷第11期页码 1535-1670 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000083

摘要： In this paper, we investigate the secrecy outage performance in (SWIPT) systems taking assistance into account. Multiple antennas in the source and a single antenna in both the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper are assumed. Specifically, the transmitted signal at the source is composed of two parts, where the first part is the information symbols and the other is the noise for the eavesdropper. To avoid making noise in the legitimate receiver, these two parts in the transmitted signals are modulated into two orthogonal dimensions according to the instantaneous channel state between the source and the legitimate receiver. We derive an approximate closed-form expression for the (SOP) by adopting the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature (GLQ) method, where the gap between the exact SOP and our approximate SOP converges with increase of the summation terms in the GLQ. To obtain the secrecy diversity order and secrecy array gain for the considered SWIPT system, the asymptotic result of the SOP is also derived. This is tight in the high signal-to-noise ratio region. A novel and robust SOP approximation is also analyzed given a small variance of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio at the eavesdropper. Some selected Monte-Carlo numerical results are presented to validate the correctness of the derived closed-form expressions.

关键词：人工噪声；多天线系统；保密中断概率；无线携能

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微波无线传能技术

段宝岩, 黄漪

《工程（英文）》 2023年第30卷第11期页码 1-2 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.09.009

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微波无线能量收集技术——统一模型、自动化整流天线设计及前沿技术 Review

Si-Ping Gao, Jun-Hui Ou, Xiuyin Zhang, Yongxin Guo

《工程（英文）》 2023年第30卷第11期页码 32-48 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.05.019

摘要：

While sufficient review articles exist on inductive short-range wireless power transfer (WPT), long-haul microwave WPT (MWPT) for solar power satellites, and ambient microwave wireless energy harvesting (MWEH) in urban areas, few studies focus on the fundamental modeling and related design automation of receiver systems. This article reviews the development of MWPT and MWEH receivers, with a focus on rectenna design automation. A novel rectifier model capable of accurately modeling the rectification process under both high and low input power is presented. The model reveals the theoretical boundary of radio frequency-to-direct current (dc) power conversion efficiency and, most importantly, enables an automated system design. The automated rectenna design flow is sequential, with the minimal engagement of iterative optimization. It covers the design automation of every module (i.e., rectifiers, matching circuits, antennae, and dc–dc converters). Scaling-up of the technique to large rectenna arrays is also possible, where the challenges in array partitioning and power combining are briefly discussed. In addition, several cutting-edge rectenna techniques for MWPT and MWEH are reviewed, including the dynamic range extension technique, the harmonics-based retro-directive technique, and the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer technique, which can be good complements to the presented automated design methodology.

关键词：微波无线能量传输微波无线能量收集统一整流器模型自动化整流天线设计新兴整流天线技术

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Ahsan Noor Khan, Young-ok Cha, Henry Giddens, 郝阳

《工程（英文）》 2022年第11卷第4期页码 27-41 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.10.019

摘要：

电子学和生物学的结合催生了生物电子学，为研究人员实现对尚未被满足的治疗方案的需求带来了激动人心的机遇。纳米电子学及柔性、生物相容性材料的发展显示出潜在的临床应用（如生理传感、药物输送、心血管监测和脑刺激）价值。迄今为止，大多数生物电子器件都需要通过有线连接来进行电子控制，因此对患者来说，这些器件的植入既复杂又缺乏便利性。而作为替代方案，无线技术正在蓬勃发展，形成了能够提供无创控制、生物遥测和无线电能传输（WPT）的生物电子学。本文综述了无线生物电子学及其在器官特异性治疗（包括疾病和功能障碍）应用中的持续发展。本文重点描述了天线的关键特性，即辐射特性、材料选择、与其他电子器件的集成和测量。尽管无线生物电子学的最新进展有望增加对器件功能的控制，但在技术商业化以及应对不断扩大的未来医疗需求方面仍面临诸多挑战。

关键词：生物电子学神经植入物药物输送天线无线电能

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无线信息与能量同时传输的鲁棒协作中继波束形成优化设计 None

Lu-lu ZHAO, Xing-long JIANG, Li-min LI, Guo-qiang ZENG, Hui-jie LIU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第19卷第11期页码 1432-1443 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601268

摘要：研究了应用于无线信息与能量同时传输的协作中继波束形成设计。基于中继节点拥有理想信道状态信息的假设，提出一种非鲁棒波束形成设计。实际中信道状态信息误差通常不可避免，为此，提出一种鲁棒波束形成设计。采用二分法和半定松弛法解决非鲁棒和鲁棒波束形成设计的非凸优化问题。由于半定松弛法的解不总是秩一的，提出一种迭代次梯度法求秩一解。仿真结果表明，在非理想信道状态信息下，所提鲁棒波束形成设计性能优于非鲁棒设计。

关键词：无线信息与能量同时传输；信道状态信息；鲁棒波束形成；半定松弛；迭代次梯度

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Enhancing power transfer capability through flexible AC transmission system devices: a review

Fadi M. ALBATSH,Saad MEKHILEF,Shameem AHMAD,H. MOKHLIS,M. A. HASSAN

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第16卷第8期页码 658-678 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500019

摘要： Global demand for power has significantly increased, but power generation and transmission capacities have not increased proportionally with this demand. As a result, power consumers suffer from various problems, such as voltage and frequency instability and power quality issues. To overcome these problems, the capacity for available power transfer of a transmission network should be enhanced. Researchers worldwide have addressed this issue by using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices. We have conducted a comprehensive review of how FACTS controllers are used to enhance the available transfer capability (ATC) and power transfer capability (PTC) of power system networks. This review includes a discussion of the classification of different FACTS devices according to different factors. The popularity and applications of these devices are discussed together with relevant statistics. The operating principles of six major FACTS devices and their application in increasing ATC and PTC are also presented. Finally, we evaluate the performance of FACTS devices in ATC and PTC improvement with respect to different control algorithms.

关键词： FACTS devices Available transfer capability Power transfer capability Artificial intelligence

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用于无线供电物联网感知的电小尺寸惠更斯整流天线综述 Review

蔺炜, Richard W. Ziolkowski

《工程（英文）》 2022年第11卷第4期页码 42-59 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.08.025

摘要：

远场无线电力传输（WPT）是一项重大突破性技术，它将支持许多预期中泛在的物联网（IoT）应用，而这些应用与第五代（5G）、第六代（6G）及以上无线生态系统相关。整流天线是整流电路和天线的组合，是远场WPT系统中最关键的组件。然而，紧凑型应用设备需要更小的集成整流天线，这些天线要同时具有大的电磁波捕获能力、高交流（AC）到直流（DC）转换效率，及促进多功能无线性能的作用。本文综述了各种整流天线的小型化技术，如曲折平面倒F天线（PIFA）整流天线、小型化的基于单极和偶极的整流天线、分形环和贴片整流天线、介质负载整流天线和电小尺寸近场谐振寄生整流天线。文中总结了它们的性能特征，并与我们之前开发的被证明更适合IoT 应用的电小尺寸惠更斯整流天线进行比较。例如，如本文所演示，它们经过定制可以成为无电池IoT 传感器。与电池供电设备相比，无电池的无线供电设备体积更小、重量更轻。此外，它们对环境友好，因此具有显著的社会效益。本文介绍了一系列高性能电小型惠更斯整流天线，包括惠更斯线极化（HLP）和圆极化（HCP）整流天线、基于这些设计的无线供电IoT 传感器以及双功能HLP整流天线和天线系统。最后，考虑两个线性均匀HLP整流天线阵列系统，以获得更为显著的大型无线电力捕获。示例阵列说明了如何有效将它们与DC或射频（RF）功率进行合成，从而促进IoT的实际应用。

关键词： Antenna Array Cardioid pattern Electrically small antenna Huygens dipole antenna Internet of Things (IoT) Rectenna Rectifier circuit Wireless power transfer

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Performance analysis of series/parallel and dual side LCC compensation topologies of inductive powertransfer for EV battery charging system

P. Srinivasa Rao NAYAK, Dharavath KISHAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期页码 166-179 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0549-z

摘要： In an inductive battery charging system, for better power transfer capability and attaining required power level, compensation is necessary. This paper analyzes series/parallel (S/P) and dual side inductor-capacitor-capacitor (LCC) compensation topologies for inductive power transfer of electric vehicle (EV) battery charging system. The design and modeling steps of inductive power transfer for electric vehicle battery charging system are presented. Besides, the equivalent electrical circuits are used to describe the circuit compensation topologies. The results convey that the efficiency of dual side LCC compensation is higher than that of S/P compensation at variable mutual inductance (misalignment).

关键词： series/parallel compensation electric vehicle (EV) dual side LCC compensation inductive power transfer

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Analysis of the radiation heat transfer process of phase change for a liquid droplet radiator in spacepower systems

Jinying YIN, Linhua LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 166-173 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0105-y

摘要： The optimization of a space power system is greatly affected by the radiation heat transfer in a liquid droplet radiator (LDR). Radiation heat transfer in a two-dimensional bed of phase-change particle is modeled by solving the radiative transfer equation using the discrete ordinates method and the energy equation using the implicit finite difference method. The Mie theory is used to calculate the radiative properties of the droplet bed, whereas the effective medium theory is used to obtain the optical constants of partial solidification droplets. Multiple factors affect heat flux in the LDR, such as size distribution, flow velocity, phase change of droplets, layer thickness, droplet concentration in the layer, and material type of the work fluid; each of these must be analyzed. Calculations show that once size distribution is neglected, the relative error increases significantly. Size distribution has a remarkably strong effect on heat flux when the flow velocity of the working fluid is above 100 m/s. An increase in flow velocity leads to an increase in the total heat flux for the layer with a fixed volume fraction of droplets. The solidification zone occupies nearly half of the layer, and droplets of different sizes exhibit temperature differences to some extent due to local thermal non-equilibrium among them. Droplet concentration in the layer and the material type of the working fluid have strong effects on heat flux, whereas the thickness of the layer has a mild influence on heat flux.

关键词： radiation heat transfer particle polydispersion liquid droplet radiator phase change

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无线能量传输回复式反射波束成形中多个移动目标导频信号的区分研究 Article

Xin Wang, Long Li, Tie Jun Cui, Mingyu Lu

《工程（英文）》 2023年第30卷第11期页码 55-62 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.08.010

摘要：

An experimental study is conducted on several retro-reflective beamforming schemes for wireless power transmission to multiple wireless power receivers (referred to herein as "targets"). The experimental results demonstrate that, when multiple targets broadcast continuous-wave pilot signals at respective frequencies, a retro-reflective wireless power transmitter is capable of generating multiple wireless power beams aiming at the respective targets as long as the multiple pilot signals are explicitly separated from one another by the wireless power transmitter. However, various practical complications are identified when the pilot signals of multiple targets are not appropriately differentiated from each other by the wireless power transmitter. Specifically, when multiple pilot signals are considered to be carried by the same frequency, the wireless power transmission performance becomes heavily dependent on the interaction among the pilot signals, which is highly undesirable in practice. In conclusion, it is essential for a retro-reflective wireless power transmitter to explicitly discriminate multiple targets' pilot signals among each other.

关键词： Wireless power transmission Microwave antenna array Retro-reflective beamforming Pilot signal Multiple access

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Evaluation of the power-generation capacity of wearable thermoelectric power generator

Yang YANG, Jing LIU,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 346-357 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0112-z

摘要： Employing thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to gather heat dissipating from the human body through the skin surface is a promising way to supply electronic power to wearable and pocket electronics. The uniqueness of this method lies in its direct utilization of the temperature difference between the environment and the human body, and complete elimination of power maintenance problems. However, most of the previous investigations on thermal energy harvesters are confined to the TEG and electronic system themselves because of the low quality of human energy. We evaluate the energy generation capacity of a wearable TEG subject to various conditions based on biological heat transfer theory. Through numerical simulation and corresponding parametric studies, we find that the temperature distribution in the thermopiles affects the criterion of the voltage output, suggesting that the temperature difference in a single point can be adopted as the criterion for uniform temperature distribution. However, the criterion has to be shifted to the sum of temperature difference on each thermocouple when the temperature distribution is inconsistent. In addition, the performance of the thermal energy harvester can be easily influenced by environmental conditions, as well as the physiological state and physical characteristics of the human body. To further validate the calculation results for the wearable TEG, a series of conceptual experiments are performed on a number of typical cases. The numerical simulation provides a good overview of the electricity generation capability of the TEG, which may prove useful in the design of future thermal energy harvesters.

关键词： thermal energy harvester thermoelectric generator biological heat transfer power generating capacity

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Joint cooperative beamforming and artificial noise design for secure AF relay networks with energy-harvesting eavesdroppers Article

He-hao NIU, Bang-ning ZHANG, Dao-xing GUO, Yu-zhen HUANG, Ming-yue LU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第18卷第6期页码 850-862 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601832

摘要：研究AF中继网络同时信息与能量传输的物理层安全技术，提出利用鲁棒协作波束成形和人工噪声提升系统的安全和能量传输性能。将能量接收机视作潜在窃听者，在中继功率及能量采集门限约束下，提出最大化源节点与合法接收机之间的最差安全速率优化问题。为求解该非凸问题，提出了双层优化方法，其中包括一维搜索与半正定松弛。证明了该半正定松弛为紧松弛。仿真结果表明本文算法比其他方案有更好的安全速率性能。

关键词：同时无线信息与能量传输；物理层安全；中继网络；协作波束成形；人工噪声

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Experimental investigation of liquid metal alloy based mini-channel heat exchanger for high power electronic

Manli LUO, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 479-486 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0277-3

摘要： There is currently a growing demand for developing efficient techniques for cooling integrated electronic devices with ever increasing heat generation power. To better tackle the high-density heat dissipation difficulty within the limited space, this paper is dedicated to clarify the heat transfer behaviors of the liquid metal flowing in mini-channel exchangers with different geometric configurations. A series of comparative experiments using liquid metal alloy Ga68%In20%Sn12% as coolant were conducted under prescribed mass flow rates in three kinds of heat exchangers with varied geometric sizes. Meanwhile, numerical simulations for the heat exchangers under the same working conditions were also performed which well interpreted the experimental measurements. The simulated heat sources were all cooled down by these three heat dissipation apparatuses and the exchanger with the smallest channel width was found to have the largest mean heat transfer coefficient at all conditions due to its much larger heat transfer area. Further, the present work has also developed a correlation equation for characterizing the Nusselt number depending on Peclet number, which is applicable to the low Peclet number case with constant heat flux in the hydrodynamically developed and thermally developing region in the rectangular channel. This study is expected to provide valuable reference for designing future liquid metal based mini-channel heat exchanger.

关键词： heat exchanger liquid metal mini-channel heat dissipation heat transfer coefficient